Three ways to program your HT

Method 1: CHIRP (recommended for most operators)

CHIRP is free, open-source radio programming software that supports hundreds of radio models from every manufacturer. Download from chirpmyradio.com.

What you need: CHIRP software (free), a programming cable for your radio ($10-25), and a computer.

Supported radios: Virtually every Baofeng, Wouxun, Retevis, TYT, BTECH, TIDRADIO, and Quansheng radio. Most Yaesu, Icom, Kenwood, and Alinco amateur radios. CHIRP's radio list covers hundreds of models.

Why CHIRP wins: One piece of software programs nearly any radio. The interface is consistent regardless of radio brand. You can export a channel list, modify it in a spreadsheet, and re-import. You can clone channel lists between different radios. Repeater databases (RepeaterBook) can be imported directly.

Method 2: Manufacturer software (CPS)

Each manufacturer provides their own programming software, variously called CPS (Customer Programming Software), RT Systems software, or a brand-specific application.

When to use manufacturer software: DMR radios (TYT, AnyTone, Radioddity) require the manufacturer's CPS for DMR-specific features like talk groups, contact lists, and digital channel configuration that CHIRP cannot program. Yaesu System Fusion, Icom D-STAR, and Kenwood D-STAR features also require manufacturer software.

The downside: Each manufacturer's CPS is different. Most are Windows-only. Documentation ranges from adequate to nonexistent. The learning curve for DMR CPS is steep.

Method 3: Keypad programming (manual)

Every radio can be programmed from its keypad. This is the slowest method but requires no cable and no computer.

When to use keypad programming: In the field when you need to add a frequency quickly. When you do not have a cable. For programming one or two channels on the spot.

The process (most radios): Enter VFO mode → dial or type the frequency → set the CTCSS tone → set the repeater offset → store to a memory channel. The exact key sequence varies by manufacturer, so consult your radio's manual.

What you need to know for each channel

For each repeater or frequency you want to program:

Frequency (output frequency of the repeater, what you receive on)
Offset (the difference between receive and transmit, typically +600 kHz on 2m, -5 MHz on 70cm)
Offset direction (+ or -)
CTCSS tone (the sub-audible tone the repeater requires to open)
Channel name (optional but helpful; "W6ABC 147.000" is more useful than "CH 01")

Where to find repeater information

RepeaterBook (repeaterbook.com): the most comprehensive repeater database
Your local amateur radio club: often has a channel list or frequency card
ARRL repeater directory: published annually